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A xenolith ("foreign rock") is a rock fragment (country rock) that becomes enveloped in a larger stone during the latter'southward development and solidification. In geology, the term xenolith is nigh exclusively used to draw inclusions in igneous rock entrained during magma ascent, emplacement and eruption.^[one] Xenoliths may exist engulfed along the margins of a magma bedchamber, torn loose from the walls of an erupting lava conduit or explosive diatreme or picked upward along the base of a flowing body of lava on the Earth's surface. A xenocryst is an private foreign crystal included within an igneous torso. Examples of xenocrysts are quartz crystals in a silica-deficient lava and diamonds within kimberlite diatremes. Xenoliths can be non-uniform within individual locations, even in areas which are spatially express, e.g. rhyolite-dominated lava of Niijima volcano (Nihon) contains two types of gabbroic xenoliths which are of dissimilar origin - they were formed in different temperature and pressure level conditions.^[2]

Although the term xenolith is virtually unremarkably associated with inclusions in igneous rocks,^[iii] a broad definition could too include rock fragments which take get encased in sedimentary rock.^[iv] ^[five] Xenoliths take been constitute in some meteorites.^{[half dozen]}

To be considered a true xenolith, the included stone must be identifiably dissimilar from the rock in which it is enveloped; an included rock of similar type is called an autolith or a cognate inclusion.

Xenoliths and xenocrysts provide important information about the composition of the otherwise inaccessible drape. Basalts, kimberlites, lamproites and lamprophyres, which have their source in the upper mantle, often incorporate fragments and crystals causeless to exist a part of the originating mantle mineralogy. Xenoliths of dunite, peridotite and spinel lherzolite in basaltic lava flows are one case. Kimberlites contain, in addition to diamond xenocrysts, fragments of lherzolites of varying composition. The aluminium-bearing minerals of these fragments provide clues to the depth of origin. Calcic plagioclase is stable to a depth of 25 km (xvi mi). Between 25 km (sixteen mi) and virtually threescore km (37 mi), spinel is the stable aluminium phase. At depths greater than almost lx km, dense garnet becomes the aluminium-bearing mineral. Some kimberlites comprise xenoliths of eclogite, which is considered to exist the high-pressure metamorphic product of basaltic oceanic crust, as information technology descends into the mantle along subduction zones.^[7]

The large-scale inclusion of strange rock strata at the margins of an igneous intrusion is called a roof pendant.

Examples [edit]

Xenolith in granite near Donner Laissez passer, California (foot for calibration).

References [edit]

^ Hansteen, Thor H; Troll, Valentin R (2003-02-fourteen). "Oxygen isotope limerick of xenoliths from the oceanic chaff and volcanic edifice below Gran Canaria (Canary Islands): consequences for crustal contamination of ascending magmas". Chemic Geology. 193 (3): 181–193. Bibcode:2003ChGeo.193..181H. doi:x.1016/S0009-2541(02)00325-Ten. ISSN 0009-2541.
^ Arakawa, Yoji; Endo, Daisuke; Ikehata, Kei; Oshika, Junya; Shinmura, Taro; Mori, Yasushi (2017-03-01). "Two types of gabbroic xenoliths from rhyolite dominated Niijima volcano, northern role of Izu-Bonin arc: petrological and geochemical constraints". Open Geosciences. nine (1): one–12. Bibcode:2017OGeo....9....1A. doi:10.1515/geo-2017-0001. ISSN 2391-5447.
^ Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances 1000.; Jolis, Ester M.; Harris, Chris; Chadwick, Jane P.; Gertisser, Ralf; Schwarzkopf, Lothar Grand.; Borisova, Anastassia Y.; Bindeman, Ilya N.; Sumarti, Sri; Preece, Katie (2013-07-01). "Magmatic differentiation processes at Merapi Volcano: inclusion petrology and oxygen isotopes". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Merapi eruption. 261: 38–49. Bibcode:2013JVGR..261...38T. doi:ten.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.eleven.001. ISSN 0377-0273.
^ "Xenolith". Encyclopedic Entries. National Geographic Guild. 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Komov, I.Fifty.; Lukashev, A.N.; Koplus, A.5. (1994). Geochemical Methods of Prospecting for Non-Metal Minerals. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 32. ISBN978-i-4665-6457-two.
^ "Xenoliths in Meteorites". Science at LPI. Lunar and Planetary Establish. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert (1996). Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN0-7167-2438-3.