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Convert microsiemens/centimeter [μS/cm, uS/cm] to millisiemens/meter [mS/thousand]

ane microsiemens/centimeter [μS/cm, uS/cm] = 0.ane millisiemens/meter [mS/m]

More about Electrical Conductivity

Introduction and Definition

Electrolytic Conductivity and Its Measuring

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Experiment: Measuring TDS and Conductivity

Introduction and Definition

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is a measure of the power of a substance to carry electrical current or to transport an electric charge. Information technology is the ratio of the current density to the forcefulness of the electric field. If we consider a 1-meter cube of a conductive textile, then the electrical conductivity volition be equal to the electrical conductance measured between the reverse faces of this cube.

The conductivity and conductance are related by the formula:

One thousand = σ(A/fifty)

where Grand is the conductance, σ is the conductivity, A is the cross-sectional surface area of the conductor, which is perpendicular to the management of menses of an electric current, and l is the length of the conductor. This formula can be used with any cylindrical or prismatic conductor. Notation that this formula can be also used for a cuboid considering it is a rectangular prism. Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electric resistivity.

In the English language words, conductance and electrical conductivity are then similar that they are frequently used as synonyms. Meanwhile, they have a different meaning, of course. The conductance is the extrinsic property of a given conductor or device (for example, a resistor or a galvanic bathroom) and the conductivity is an intrinsic property of the material from which this conductor or device was made. For example, the electrical conductivity of copper is always the aforementioned, no matter how the object made from copper changes in terms of its shape or size, while the conductance of a copper wire depends on its length, diameter, mass, shape, and several other factors. Of course, like objects made from materials with higher electrical conductivity will take a higher conductance (not always).

The conductivity of copper is always the aforementioned no matter how the object made from copper changes in terms of its shape or size

The SI unit for electrical conductivity is siemens per meter (Due south/thou). Note that in English, the same course of the unit of conductance "siemens" is used both for the singular and plural forms. The unit of measurement is named subsequently the German inventor, industrialist and scientist Werner von Siemens (1816–1892). Siemens AG, the visitor he founded in 1847, is one of the largest engineering companies in the world producing electrical, electronic every bit well as ship and medical equipment.

Left: Werner von Siemens (source: Wikipedia); right: Siemens Canada Limited Headquarters in Oakville, Ontario, Canada

Electrical conductivity ranges from highly resistive materials like glass (which, by the way, conducts electricity well when heated) or acrylic glass to semiconductors, which have a dissimilar conductivity under unlike conditions to extremely conductive materials similar argent, copper, or gold. Electric electrical conductivity is determined past the number of charge carriers such as electrons or ions, by the speed of their movement, and by the amount of charge they carry. The conductivity of aqueous solutions, for example, electroplating baths, is between these extremes. Another example of electrolytes with moderate electrical conductivity is our bodily fluids: blood, plasma, lymph, etc.

The conductivity of metals, semiconductors and dielectrics is discussed in particular in More about Electrical Resistance, More about Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductance and Conductivity TranslatorsCafe.com Unit Converter manufactures. In this article, we volition discuss in more detail the conductivity of electrolytes and its measuring methods and equipment. We will describe several experiments using an inexpensive device for measuring conductivity.

Electrolytic Conductivity and Its Measuring

Our body fluids — blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid — all accept a high concentration of sodium chloride and other minerals; they are all electrolytes; the conductivity of blood is approximately 0.54 Due south/m at 37°C

The electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions, in which the electrical current is carried by charged ions, is determined past the number of charge carriers (the concentration), the speed of their moving (the ion mobility depends on the solution temperature) and the charge they conduct (valence of ions). Therefore, in virtually aqueous solutions, the higher concentration will pb to more ions and hence to higher electrical conductivity. However, later reaching some maximum concentration, the conductivity may first decreasing with increasing concentration. Therefore, two dissimilar concentrations of the same common salt may have the aforementioned conductivity.

The temperature also affects conductivity because at higher temperatures ions move faster, increasing the conductivity. Pure h2o does not conduct electricity well. The ordinary distilled water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide containing in the air and total dissolved solids of less than 10 mg/L has a conductivity of about xx µS/cm. The conductivity of various solutions is given in the tabular array below.

The conductivity of distilled water is approximately 0.055 μS/cm

Conductivity of various water solutions at 25°C
Pure water	0.055 μS/cm
Deionized h2o	i.0 μS/cm
Rainwater	50 μS/cm
Drinking h2o	l to 500 μS/cm
Domestic wastewater	0.05 to ane.five mS/cm
Industrial wastewater	0.05 to 10 mS/cm
Seawater	35 to 50 mS/cm
Sodium chloride, 1mol/L	85 mS/cm
Hydrochloric acid, 1 mol/L	332 mS/cm

Two electrodes of a conductivity sensor (left) and the temperature sensor (right) used for automatic temperature compensation (ATC) in a TDS meter

To determine the conductivity of a solution, a conductance or resistance meter (they are technically the same) is normally used and the measured value is and so manually or automatically recalculated to conductivity. This is done past taking into business relationship the concrete characteristics of the measuring device or sensor. This includes the surface area of electrodes and the separation altitude between the two electrodes. The sensors are quite simple: they comprise a pair of electrodes immersed in the electrolyte solution. The sensors for measuring conductivity are characterised by a cell constant, which is given past the ratio of the distance between electrodes D to the expanse normal to the current flow A:

K = D/A

This formula works well when the area of electrodes is much greater than the separation between them because in this instance most of the electric current flows directly betwixt the electrodes. Case: for one cubic centimeter of liquid K = D/A = i cm/1 cm² = 1 cm⁻¹. Note that cells with pocket-sized widely-spaced electrodes have cell constants of ane.0 cm⁻¹ or more while cells with larger and closely-spaced electrodes have constants of 0.1 cm⁻¹ or less. The cell constant of various devices for measuring conductivity varies from 0.01 to 100 cm⁻¹.

Theoretical jail cell constant: left — K = 0.01 cm⁻¹ , right — Thousand = i cm⁻¹

To obtain the conductivity from the measured conductance, the following formula is used:

σ = Thou ∙ G

where

σ is the solution conductivity in South/cm,

Thousand is the cell constant in cm⁻¹,

Yard is the cell conductance in siemens.

The cell constant is usually not calculated, but measured for a detail measuring device or setup using a solution of known conductivity. This measured value is entered into the meter, which automatically calculates the conductivity from measured conductance or resistance. Because the electrical conductivity depends on the solution temperature, devices for measuring electrical conductivity frequently contain a temperature sensor that allows measuring the temperature and providing the automatic temperature compensation (ATC) to the standard temperature of 25°C.

The simplest method of measuring the conductance is applying a voltage to two apartment electrodes immersed in the solution and measuring the resulting electric current. This is called a potentiometric method. According to Ohm's law, the conductance 1000 is the ratio of current I to voltage V:

K = I/V

However, things are not as simple as they seem. At that place are many difficulties. When DC voltage is used, ions can accrue near the electrode surfaces and chemical reactions can occur at the surfaces. This will lead to increasing polarization resistance on the electrode surfaces, which, in turn, may lead to erroneous results. If we try to mensurate the resistance of, for example, sodium chloride solution using a multimeter, we will conspicuously meet that the reading on the display is increasing rather quickly. To mitigate this problem, often four electrodes are used instead of two.

Electrode polarization can be prevented or reduced past applying an alternating electric current and adjusting the measuring frequency. Low frequencies are used to measure low conductivity, where the polarization resistance is insufficiently small. Higher frequencies are used to mensurate high conductivity values. Frequency is ordinarily automatically adjusted taking into account the measured conductivity of a solution. Mod digital two-electrode conductivity meters usually employ complex alternating current waveforms and temperature compensation. They are calibrated at the factory and oftentimes recalibration is required in the field because of the cell constant changes with time. It tin can exist changed due to contamination or the concrete-chemical modification of electrodes.

In a traditional 2-electrode conductivity meter, an alternating voltage is applied between the two electrodes, and the resulting current is measured. This meter, though simple, has one disadvantage — it measures not simply the solution resistance just as well the resistance caused by the polarization of the electrodes. To minimize the effect of polarization, iv-electrode cells, also as platinized cells covered with platinum black, are often used.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Devices for measuring electric electrical conductivity are often used to measure out total dissolved solids (TDS). Information technology is a measure of the total weight of all organic and inorganic substances contained in a liquid in various forms: ionized, molecular (dissolved), colloidal and suspended (not dissolved). Dissolved solids refer to any inorganic salts, mostly calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, chlorides, bicarbonates and sulfates, and some organic matter dissolved in water. The solid substances contained in a liquid, which is considered for TDS, must be either dissolved or in the class of very small particles that will remain the solution afterward filtration through a filter with very small pores (two micrometers or less). Substances that are permanently suspended in a solution, just cannot pass through a filter are called total suspended solids or TSS. Total dissolved solids are unremarkably measured in h2o to determine its quality.

Filter operating gallery of R.C. Harris Water Treatment Constitute in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

There are ii main methods of measuring total dissolved solids: gravimetric analysis, which is the most accurate method, and conductivity measurement. The first method is the most accurate, merely it is fourth dimension-consuming because all water must be evaporated, to dryness, normally at 180°C under strict laboratory conditions and then the mass of residues is measured.

The second method is not as accurate as the gravimetric analysis. However, the electrical conductivity method is the virtually convenient, useful, widespread, and fastest method because it is a simple measurement of electrical conductivity and temperature, which tin be done in seconds using a depression-cost device. This method can be used because the conductivity of water is direct related to the concentration of ionized substances dissolved in water. It is especially useful for quality control purposes similar control of drinking water or estimation of the total number of ions in a solution.

The conductivity measurements are temperature dependent, that is, if the temperature increases, the conductivity too increases considering the ions in a solution are moving faster. To obtain temperature-independent measurements, the concept of reference temperature was introduced. It allows a comparing of conductivity results obtained at dissimilar temperatures. Thus, the conductivity meter tin can measure the actual conductivity and the temperature and so utilize a temperature correction function to automatically catechumen the measured value to the reference temperature of 20 or 25°С. If very high accuracy is necessary, the sample can be put into a thermostat, and so the meter volition be calibrated at exactly the same temperature that is used for measurement.

Nearly modern conductivity meters contain a built-in temperature sensor that can be used for temperature correction as well as for temperature measurement. The most sophisticated meters can measure and brandish conductivity, resistivity, salinity, TDS, and concentration. However, all of them measure merely conductivity and temperature and and then calculate the necessary physical value and brand temperature compensation.

Experiment: Measuring TDS and Conductivity

We will conduct several experiments using an inexpensive TDS meter TDS-3. The price on eBay with delivery at the time of writing this article for a no-proper name device is less than US$3.00. The aforementioned device with a make name probably made at the aforementioned factory will cost ten times more than. But that'due south for those who like to pay just for the make name. The meter is temperature calibrated and tin can mensurate non only TDS but also a temperature using the temperature sensor, which is installed near the electrodes. It should be noted that the 2 bodily physical values that this device measures are the resistance of the solution between the two electrodes and the temperature of the solution.

TDS-3 Meter; the two electrodes and a temperature sensor of the meter are shown on the left

This TDS meter will assistance you find out the total dissolved solids in whatsoever application such as monitoring the quality of drinking water or testing salt levels in freshwater aquariums and ponds or testing water filtration and purification system to know when to change filters and membranes. The meter is calibrated using a 342 ppm solution of sodium chloride NaCl. Its range is 0–9990 ppm or mg/L. PPM is parts per 1000000. It is a dimensionless quantity. For example, a mass concentration of 5 mg/kg = 5 mg in ane,000,000 mg = 5 parts per million. Just as a percentage means out of a hundred, the parts per meg unit means out of a million. Therefore, PPM is a mode of measuring the concentration of very dilute solutions.

The meter actually measures the conductance betwixt the two electrodes (which is reciprocal of resistance), then recalculates the result into electrical conductivity (often abbreviated as EC) using the formula higher up and the known jail cell constant G, then makes another recalculation, multiplying the conductance past the conversion factor of 500. The result of these calculations is displayed in the form of TDS in ppm. We will discuss these calculations below.

The waveform of the signal on the dry electrodes of TDS-3 meter; frequency 20 Hz, peak-to-tiptop amplitude 4.4 V; alternate current reduces electrode polarization

This TDS meter cannot exist used to examination the water with a high concentration of salts. Examples of substances with a high concentration of salts are some nutrient products and seawater. The maximum concentration of NaCl the device can measure is 9990 ppm or about 10 one thousand/L. That is simply the normal concentration of salt in many food products. This meter will also not be able to cheque the salinity of seawater, which is approximately 35 grams per liter or 35,000 ppm, which is much higher than this device tin measure out. If you try to measure the TDS of such concentrated electrolyte, the meter will testify Err.

TDS-3 measures conductivity and uses the 500 (NaCl) scale for calibration. That means one.0 mS/cm 10 500 = 500 ppm. There are many dissimilar scales in many industries. For example, iii scales are usually used in hydroponics: the 500, 640, and 700 scales. The divergence between them is in their utilize. The 700 scale is based on measuring the potassium chloride KCl concentration in a solution:

1.0 mS/cm x 700 makes 700 ppm

The 640 calibration uses a conversion factor of 640 to convert from mS/cm to ppm:

one.0 mS/cm ten 640 makes 640 ppm

For our experiment, we volition first measure the full dissolved solids in distilled h2o. The meter shows 0 ppm and the multimeter shows 1.21 MΩ.

Measuring the concentration of dissolved solids in distilled water (0 ppm) and resistance between the two electrodes in distilled water (1.21 MΩ)

Let u.s.a. set up a 1000 ppm solution of NaCl and measure its ppm with a TDS-3 meter. To prepare 100 mL of the solution, nosotros will need 100 mg of sodium chloride and up to 100 mL of distilled water. To make a solution, we will put the sodium chloride into the measuring cylinder, add together some distilled water and stir it until all sodium chloride is dissolved. Then add distilled water to the 100 mL marking and mix well again.

Left to right: weighing 100 mg of NaCl; 100 mL of NaCl solution; measuring concentration using TDS-three meter

As you can see in the picture, TDS-three measures 955 ppm. The electrical conductivity of this solution should be 1000 ppm / 500 = 2 mS/cm (NaCl or 500 scale).

Measuring the resistance between the ii electrodes made of the same fabric and with the same dimensions as TDS-3 electrodes; the multimeter shows 2.5 kΩ

To determine the conductance experimentally, we prepared two electrodes fabricated from the aforementioned material, with the size and distance between them exactly as in TDS-3. Then we measured the resistance between the electrodes. The measured resistance was 2.5 kΩ.

Now, when we know the resistance and ppm, we can approximately summate the cell constant of TDS-3 using the formula above:

K = σ/G = ii mS/cm x 2.five kΩ = v cm⁻¹

Dimensions of the two electrodes of TDS-iii meter

This value of v cm⁻¹ is shut to the calculated value of the jail cell constant of TDS-3 with the following electrode dimensions:

• D = 0.v cm is the distance between the electrodes
• Due west = 0.14 cm is the electrode width
• L = 1.1 cm is the length of the electrode

Cell constant of TDS-iii jail cell is K = D/A = 0.v/0.14x1.ane = 3.25 cm⁻¹. This is slightly less than the value of 5 cm⁻¹. Annotation that the formula for calculating the cell constant can requite just approximate value.

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Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It covers subtopics like power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.

Electric Conductivity Converter

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of resistivity. It is a property of whatever conductive cloth. It measures a cloth's ability to conduct an electric electric current.

The SI unit for electric electrical conductivity is siemens per meter (S/thou) and the CGSE unit is a reciprocal second (south⁻¹).

Using the Electrical Conductivity Converter Converter

This online unit converter allows quick and accurate conversion between many units of measure, from one organization to another. The Unit of measurement Conversion page provides a solution for engineers, translators, and for anyone whose activities require working with quantities measured in different units.

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In this reckoner, E notation is used to represent numbers that are too small or too big. E notation is an alternative format of the scientific notation a · 10^x. For example: 1,103,000 = one.103 · 10⁶ = 1.103E+half-dozen. Here Due east (from exponent) represents "· ten^", that is "times x raised to the power of". E-annotation is commonly used in calculators and by scientists, mathematicians and engineers.

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